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- Language or group of languages of the
- Sino-Tibetan family, spoken in China, Taiwan,
- Hong Kong, Singapore, and Chinese communities
- throughout the world. Varieties of spoken
- Chinese differ greatly, but all share a
- written form using thousands of ideographic
- symbols - characters - which have changed
- little in 2,000 years. Nowadays, putonghua
- (`common speech'), based on the educated
- Beijing dialect known as Mandarin Chinese, is
- promoted throughout China as the national
- spoken and written language. Because the
- writing system has a symbolic form (like
- numbers and road signs) it can be read and
- interpreted regardless of the reader's own
- dialect. The Chinese dialects are tonal, that
- is, they depend upon the tone of a syllable
- to indicate its meaning: ma with one tone
- means `mother', with another means `horse'.
- The characters of Chinese script were
- traditionally written down the page, then
- each line is read right to left. Today they
- are commonly written horizontally and read
- left to right, using 2,000 simplified
- characters. A variant of the Roman alphabet
- has been introduced and is used in schools to
- help with pronunciation. This, called Pinyin,
- is prescribed for international use by the
- People's Republic of China for personal and
- place names (as in Beijing rather than
- Peking). Pinyin spellings are generally used
- in this volume, but are not accepted by the
- government of Taiwan.
-